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How to Prepare For the Atrial Maze Procedure

Atrial Fibrillation - How to Prepare For the Atrial Maze Procedure

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Atrial maze (AM) surgery is used to treat a heart rhythm irregularity known as atrial fibrillation (alternatively called AF or AFib). Normally, a group of cells (called the sinus node) within your heart's right atrium generates electrical impulses that travel through your atria and ventricles in a methodical fashion. This causes contractions within the four chambers. With AFib, the electrical signals disperse and travel in different directions. This causes the atria to quiver, or flutter. The result is a disorderly heartbeat that can hamper your heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

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About Atrial Fibrillation

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During an atrial maze procedure, a surgeon will create scar tissue on the surface of your atria. The electrical impulses cannot cross the scars because the scar tissue does not conduct electricity. This allows the surgeon to create a labyrinth through which the signals can travel. Below, we'll describe the steps you'll need to take in order to prepare for the operation.

Before The Operation

Though AM surgery can be performed by using a minimally invasive approach, many hospitals continue to use an open chest strategy. Many of the preparatory steps are identical, though open surgery requires a few additional precautions.

Several days before the operation, your doctor or caregiver will recommend that you stop using anticoagulants and aspirin. If you are taking other medications, ask whether you will need to stop taking them. If you smoke, you will be asked to stop one or two weeks prior to undergoing maze surgery in order to prevent clotting issues.

The day before the operation, you may need to undergo one or more tests. Your doctor may take X-rays of your chest, perform blood and urine tests, and request an electrocardiogram. The goal of these tests is to confirm there is no infection present and your health has not declined.

Immediately before the operation, you will receive an anesthesia. If an open chest strategy is used, the surgical team will insert a tube into your windpipe and another tube into your stomach. The former helps manage your breathing while the latter ensures your stomach remains empty during the procedure.

The next step is to access your heart. For open chest surgery, this is accomplished by making a long incision down the center of your chest. Then, your sternum will be split to help the surgical team gain access to the affected atria.

What To Expect After The Operation

Open chest maze is an invasive procedure. To that end, there is a higher risk of infection and a longer recovery time than would be the case for minimally invasive maze surgery. After the surgical team has completed the procedure, you'll be moved into an intensive care unit. While you're in ICU, doctors and nurses will monitor your vital signs. After one or two days, you'll be moved out of ICU. You can expect to spend another four to seven days in the hospital before being released to complete your recovery at home.

The atrial maze procedure is a common treatment for atrial fibrillation. However, because it is often performed through open surgery, you may require up to six months for a full recovery.

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Blue Toe Syndrome

Atrial Fibrillation - Blue Toe Syndrome

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Blue toe syndrome is the bluish discoloration to toes as a result of tissue ischemia (lack of blood flow). The syndrome is caused by the blockage of small vessels that lead into the toes. One or more toes may be affected; in severe cases this can also manifest itself as a multi-organ problem.
There are a few causes of blue toe syndrome but the most common is the breakage of a small piece of arterial plaque usually from the abdominal aorta-iliac-femoral arterial system (located in the abdomen and groin area) which then travels down the arterial tree into the small vessels of the foot where it becomes lodged. This is known as an embolism. All tissue distal (in front of) the blockage will then turn a bluish color which represents a lack of oxygen to the tissue.
Generally patients are in their 40s, 50s, 60s, and older. The condition can occur insidiously or may be the result of abdominal surgery or an invasive vascular procedure or test.

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About Atrial Fibrillation

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The affected toes become cyanotic but there are other etiologies such as trauma, connective tissue disease like Scleroderma, hypercoagulability of blood as seen in polycythemia vera , atrial fibrillation and Raynauds phenomenon. In Raynauds the fingers will usually also be involved and this generally occurs in younger patients without any known history of atherosclerotic disease.
At the local level, blue toe syndrome may occur in diabetic foot infections and those who have undergone foot surgery.

Blue toe syndrome is easily misdiagnosed because in most cases the larger arteries of the foot are palpable and that directs the doctor away from a diagnosis of occlusive disease.
Treatment is geared towards alleviation of the blockage further up the arterial tree through stenting, bypass surgery, or anticoagulant therapy. Vasodilator drugs have no proven effectiveness in treatment of this condition, since this is not a vasospastic disorder.
Mild forms of the disease which affect just the toes have a good prognosis and usually subside on their own. It should be noted that sometimes the pain in the toes is disproportional to the extent of involvement of the toes and adequate analgesics should be prescribed. Multi-systemic forms where the kidney is also usually affected, the prognosis is more dubious.
In the foot, should the condition not resolve itself there is always the possibility that the condtion will worsen to gangrene and subsequent amputation of the affected toes.

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